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Errors are robustly tamed in cumulative knowledge processes.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
February 2025
Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134.
As knowledge accumulates in science and society in a distributed fashion, erroneous derivations can be introduced into the corpus of knowledge. Such derivations can compromise the validity of any units of knowledge that rely on them in the future. Can societal knowledge maintain some level of integrity given simple distributed error-checking mechanisms? In this paper, we investigate the following formulation of the question: assuming that a constant fraction of the new derivations is wrong, is it possible for simple error-checking mechanisms that apply when a new unit of knowledge is derived to maintain the integrity of the corpus of knowledge? This question was introduced by Ben-Eliezer et al.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFElectronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
January 2025
Department of Health Promotion and Policy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
Background: Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are handheld electronic vaping devices that produce an aerosol by heating an e-liquid. People who smoke, healthcare providers, and regulators want to know if ECs can help people quit smoking, and if they are safe to use for this purpose. This is a review update conducted as part of a living systematic review.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFApplication of the OSNA Technique (One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification Test) in Breast Cancer.
Int J Mol Sci
January 2025
Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland.
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in both countries with high and low levels of socio-academic development. Routine, regular screening tests being introduced in an increasing number of countries make it possible to detect breast cancer at an early stage of development, as a result of which the trend in the incidence of metastatic breast cancer has been decreasing in recent years. The latest guidelines for the treatment of this tumor do not recommend axillary dissection, which limits the need for rapid assessment of the nodes during surgery.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFValidation of a Monte Carlo-based dose calculation engine including the 1.5 T magnetic field for independent dose-check in MRgRT.
Phys Med
January 2025
Department of Radiation Oncology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, VR, Italy; University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
Purpose: Adaptive MRgRT by 1.5 T MR-linac requires independent verification of the plan-of-the-day by the primary TPS (Monaco) (M). Here we validated a Monte Carlo-based dose-check including the magnetostatic field, SciMoCa (S).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRole of [18F]FDG - PET/CT Scan in Cervical Tuberculosis.
Indian J Nucl Med
November 2024
Department of General Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Background: Distribution and quantification of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and elicitation of response antitubercular therapy via F18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission-based Tomography/ Computed Tomography(F18-FDG PET/CT).
Materials And Methods: This was a prospective Pilot study. In this study 30 patients of age between 15 to 36 years(mean 26.
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