Early repolarization syndrome is a well-recognized idiopathic electrocardiographic phenomenon characterized by prominent J wave and ST-segment elevation predominantly in left precordial leads. The syndrome shares remarkable cellular, ionic, and electrocardiographic similarities with the Brugada syndrome and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (a variant of the Brugada syndrome with ST-segment elevation in inferior leads). Although early repolarization syndrome is considered a benign entity, its arrhythmogenic potential still remains unknown. We report the case of a 39-year-old male with a family history of sudden death and an electrocardiogram consistent with early repolarization syndrome. Diagnostic dilemmas are discussed.
Graduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Exercise Cardiology Research Group (CardioEx), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Introduction: Early repolarization (ER) is an electrocardiographic pattern characterized by J-point and ST-segment elevation, frequently observed in athletes. Initially deemed benign, recent studies suggest a possible association between ER and increased risks of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, necessitating a thorough examination of its clinical implications in athletes.
Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using MEDLINE (via PubMed) and EMBASE databases, focusing on articles related to ER in athletes.
* This study utilizes new analytical techniques to explore how the level of calcium ions in the network sarcoplasmic reticulum affects EAD occurrence in conditions of decreased K+ current.
* Researchers discovered nine different states of EADs that can be influenced by small changes in calcium ion concentration, providing valuable insights for potential treatment strategies.
* This study creates a computer model to explore how reduced inactivation of calcium channels leads to fluctuating EADs, which can sync up in heart tissue due to the connections between cells, resulting in predictable patterns.
* The results show that EADs occur after a sudden synchronization (alternans) of heart cells, driven by small changes in pacing rate, which significantly increases the risk of arrhythmias and suggests that abnormal heartbeats can occur without other triggering factors.
Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital & Center for Molecular Imaging Probe & Hunan Engineering Research Center for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
The efficacy of immunotherapy in treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been restricted due to its low immunogenicity and suppressive immune microenvironment. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as innovative immunotherapeutic agents in antitumor therapy by stimulating the innate immune system, but intricate modifications and undesirable multiple dose administration severely hinder their utility. Herein, a two-step bacterial metabolic labeling technique was utilized for the bioorthogonal engineering of OMVs.
