Interactive biomaterials: taking surgery to the next level.

Medicine has been advanced greatly by implantable biomaterials, but today's standard materials are not without problems. Infection, erosion, adhesions, persistent pain, and other complications suggest that something better is possible. Just as normal tissues self-renew, it is desirable to have an implant recapitulate original anatomy for both structure and function. Short of complete tissue regeneration, perhaps an implant material could transition from an inanimate bridge to a living tissue with strong similarity to the original host architecture-to optimize the biology and not simply the mechanics of tissue repair. Such remodelable or tissue-inductive materials exist today and are in use in a wide variety of surgical applications. Changing the idea that implants must be rigid, inert, and permanent to an understanding that implants can provide short-term mechanics and long-term repair by harnessing the host's healing abilities represents a paradigm shift that will ultimately benefit patients and the practice of surgery.