[Glycoprotein-secreting pituitary adenomas: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment].

The glycoprotein-secreting pituitary adenomas comprise two distinctive clinical and pathological entities, the gonadotroph and the thyrotroph cell pituitary adenomas. Although they can be grouped together for producing hormones and/or subunits that are glycoproteins, these tumors originate from distinctive cell types (gonadotrophes and thyrotrophes) that are only remotely related. Gonadotroph cell adenomas are among the commonest types of pituitary adenomas, corresponding to the majority of the so-called "nonfunctioning" or clinically silent adenomas, while thyrotroph cell adenomas are extremely rare and usually present with hyperthyroidism due to inappropriate TSH secretion. In this article, we review the literature covering epidemiological, pathological, pathogenetic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of gonadotroph and thyrotroph cell adenomas. Greater emphasis was given to the growing field of molecular pathogenesis of pituitary tumors in general, and a special effort was made to contrast molecular alterations found in these tumors with other tumor types. On the practical side, the authors extensive experience for more than two decades in the diagnosis and management of these tumors at the Neuroendocrine Unit (Endocrinology Division, Unifesp) was used to balance the extensive literature on this subject.