Amenorrhea, either primary (before menarche) or secondary (after menarche), is a frequently encountered clinical condition in the primary care office. A patient-oriented approach, utilizing focused diagnostic studies, provides an etiology in the majority of cases.
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Endocrine Care of a 19-year-old Woman With Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism due to 4H Syndrome.
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Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine ParaThyroid Center, Norman, Oklahoma.
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Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of fertile age. Some studies suggest that a ketogenic diet (KD) may have a role in treating PCOS. We aimed to demonstrate the long-term effectiveness of a KD in PCOS.
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J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol
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University of Health Science, Dr Sami Ulus Child Health and Diseases Health Implementation and Research Center, Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Türkiye.
Although the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) worldwide is 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD), which accounts for more than 95% of cases, other rare causes of CAH such as 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency (11βOHD), 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) deficiency, 17 hydroxylase deficiency and lipoid CAH may also be encountered in clinical practice. 11βOHD is the most common type of CAH after 21OHD, and CYP11B1 deficiency in adrenal steroidogenesis causes the inability to produce cortisol and aldosterone and the excessive production of adrenal androgens. Although the clinical and laboratory features are similar to 21OHD, findings of mineralocorticoid deficiency are not observed.
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Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Amhara Region, Ethiopia.
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