Spatially controlled genes expressed in the early sea urchin embryo have been characterized, and the patterns of expression in terms of the mechanisms by which this embryo accomplishes its initial set of founder cell specifications are the subject of current discussion. Sea urchin transcription factors that have been cloned are classified with respect to their target sites and the genes they regulate. Among the best known of the sea urchin cis-regulatory systems is that controlling expression of the Cyllla gene, which encodes an aboral ectoderm-specific cytoskeletal actin. The Cyllla regulatory domain includes approximately 20 sites of DNA-protein interaction, serviced by about ten different factors. Certain of these factors are known to negatively control spatial expression, while others positively regulate temporal activation and the level of Cyllla gene expression. Differential, lineage-specific gene expression is instituted in the sea urchin embryo by mid-late cleavage, prior to any cell migration or overt differentiation, and shortly following lineage segregation.
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