The protein S100 is an acidic calcium-binding protein, and the subunit S100B is the most abundantly found in the brain. The aim of the present study was a comprehensive analysis of serum S100B levels in medicolegal autopsy cases (within 48 h postmortem, n = 283) including victims with head and non-head injuries and also non-injury fatalities with regard to the cause of death involving brain damage. The serum level was usually higher in the subclavian vein than in the right heart and external iliac vein, and the lowest in the left heart blood, showing no significant postmortem influence. The serum level in the right heart and subclavian vein was markedly higher for acute deaths from head injury and asphyxiation due to neck compression (strangulation and hanging), and moderately and mildly elevated for other blunt and sharp instrument injury cases, respectively. For head injury, the serum levels were lower for subacute deaths than for acute deaths. These observations suggest that the elevation of serum S100B may mainly be caused by leakage following massive brain damage due to injury and cerebral hypoxia/ischemia, and in part by systemic hypoxic/traumatic tissue damage, depending on the survival time.
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