In 1923, a young chemist-turned-microbiologist and his mentor made the startling discovery that bacterial sugars could be targeted by the immune system--a groundbreaking finding that helped launch the field of immunochemistry.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem20210fta | DOI Listing |
Methods Mol Biol
April 2016
Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany,
Vaccination is one of the key developments in the fight against infectious diseases. It is based on the principle that immunization with pathogen-derived antigens provides protection from the respective infection by inducing an antigen-specific immune response. The discovery by Avery and Heidelberger in the 1920s that capsular polysaccharides (CPS) from Streptococcus pneumoniae are immunoreactive was the starting point of the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClin Microbiol Infect
October 2012
Merck Vaccines, West Point, PA 19426, USA.
Sir Almroth Wright coordinated the first trial of a whole-cell pneumococcal vaccine in South Africa from 1911 to 1912. Wright started a chain of events that delivered pneumococcal vaccines of increasing clinical and public-health value, as medicine advanced from a vague understanding of the germ theory of disease to today's rational vaccine design. Early whole-cell pneumococcal vaccines mimicked early typhoid vaccines, as early pneumococcal antisera mimicked the first diphtheria antitoxins.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHaving defined the protein nature of antibodies under the tutelage of Oswald Avery, Michael Heidelberger was the first to apply mathematics to the reaction of antibodies and their antigens (the "precipitin reaction"). Heidelberger's calculations launched decades of research that helped reveal the specificity, function, and origin of antibodies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn 1923, a young chemist-turned-microbiologist and his mentor made the startling discovery that bacterial sugars could be targeted by the immune system--a groundbreaking finding that helped launch the field of immunochemistry.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Exp Med
January 1938
Research Laboratories of the Mount Zion Hospital, San Francisco.
1. The classification of fusobacteria into types, as suggested by Slanetz and Rettger on the basis of their cultural and biochemical characteristics, was confirmed. The following additional data are presented: the behavior of types I, II, and III in several previously untested carbohydrates; the final pH in 1 per cent glucose broth; the hydrolysis of starch; the failure to decompose sodium hippurate and citrates; the absence of pathogenicity for several types of experimental animals; and the absence of fibrinolysin and of proteolytic enzymes.
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