When clay soils are subjected to salt concentration gradients, various interrelated processes come into play. It is known that chemical osmosis induces a water flow and that a membrane potential difference develops that counteracts diffusive flow of solutes and osmotic flow of water. In this paper, we present the results of experiments on the influence of membrane potential on chemical osmotic flow and diffusion of solutes and we show how we are able to derive the membrane potential value from theory. Moreover, the simultaneous development of water pressure, salt concentration and membrane potential difference are simulated using a model for combined chemico-electroosmosis in clays. A new method for short-circuiting the clay sample is employed to assess the influence of electrical effects on flow of water and transport of solutes.
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