Oligodendrocyte precursor cells generate pituicytes in vivo during neurohypophysis development.

In the vertebrate brain, much remains to be understood concerning the origin of glial cell diversity and the potential lineage relationships between the various types of glia. Besides astrocytes and myelin-forming oligodendrocytes, other macroglial cell populations are found in discrete areas of the central nervous system (CNS). They share functional features with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes but also display specific characteristics. Such specialized cells, called pituicytes, are located in the neurohypophysis (NH). Our work focuses on the lineage of the pituicytes during rodent development. First, we show that cells identified with a combination of oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) markers are present in the developing rat NH. In culture, neonatal NH progenitors also share major functional characteristics with OPCs, being both migratory and bipotential, i.e. able to give rise to type 2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. We then observe that, either in vitro or after transplantation into myelin-deficient Shiverer brain, pieces of NH generate myelinating oligodendrocytes, confirming the oligodendrogenic potentiality of NH cells. However, no mature oligodendrocyte can be found in the NH. This led us to hypothesize that the OPCs present in the developing NH might be generating other glial cells, especially the pituicytes. Consistent with this hypothesis, the OPCs appear during NH development before pituicytes differentiate. Finally, we establish a lineage relationship between olig1+ cells, most likely OPCs, and the pituicytes by fate-mapping experiments using genetically engineered mice. This constitutes the first demonstration that OPCs generate glial cells other than oligodendrocytes in vivo.