The metronomic predictability of the environment has elicited strong selection pressures for the evolution of endogenous circadian clocks. Circadian clocks drive molecular and behavioural rhythms that approximate the 24 h periodicity of our environment. Found almost ubiquitously among phyla, circadian clocks allow preadaptation to rhythms concomitant with the natural cycles of the Earth. Cycles in light intensity and temperature for example act as important cues that couple circadian clocks to the environment via a process called entrainment. This review summarizes our current understanding of the general and molecular principles of entrainment in the model organism Neurospora crassa, a simple eukaryote that has one of the best-studied circadian systems and light-signalling pathways.
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Circadian clocks in the body drive daily cycles in physiology and behavior. A master clock in the brain maintains synchrony with the environmental day-night cycle and uses internal signals to keep clocks in other tissues aligned. Work in cell cultures uncovered cyclic changes in tissue oxygenation that may serve to reset and synchronize circadian clocks.
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Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Preventive Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address:
Tissue-level oscillation is achieved by tissue-intrinsic clocks along with network-dependent signals originating from distal organs and organismal behavior. Yet, it remains unexplored whether maternal circadian rhythms during pregnancy influence fetal rhythms and impact long-term susceptibility to dietary challenges in offspring. Here, we demonstrate that circadian disruption during pregnancy decreased placental and neonatal weight yet retained transcriptional and structural maturation.
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FASEB J
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Following injury, skeletal muscle undergoes repair via satellite cell (SC)-mediated myogenic progression. In SCs, the circadian molecular clock gene, Bmal1, is necessary for appropriate myogenic progression and repair with evidence that muscle molecular clocks can also affect force production. Utilizing a mouse model allowing for inducible depletion of Bmal1 within SCs, we determined contractile function, SC myogenic progression and muscle damage and repair following eccentric contractile-induced injury.
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Acta Physiol (Oxf)
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Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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