The Quantum cascade (QC) laser is an entirely new type of semiconductor device in which the laser wavelength depends on the band-gap engineering. It can be made to operate over a much larger range than lead salt lasers, covering significant parts of both the infrared and submillimetre regions, and with higher output power. In this tutorial review we survey some of the applications of these new lasers, which range from trace gas detection for atmospheric or medical purposes to sub-Doppler and time dependent non-linear spectroscopy.
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Chaos
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School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, 450001 Zhengzhou, China.
In this paper, the complex and dynamically rich distribution of stable phases in the well-known discrete Ikeda map is studied in detail. The unfolding patterns of these stable phases are described through three complementary stability diagrams: the Lyapunov stability diagram, the isoperiod stability diagram, and the isospike stability diagram. The adding-doubling complexification cascade and fascinating non-quantum chiral pairs are discovered, marking the first report of such structures in discrete mapping.
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Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.
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Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
Human breath gas analysis is a noninvasive disease diagnostic approach used to identify different pathological conditions in the human body. Monitoring breath acetone (CHO) and ammonia (NH) as biomarkers is vital in diagnosing diabetes mellitus and liver disorders, respectively. In this article, the quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) technique is proposed and demonstrated for measuring CHO and NH in human exhaled breath samples.
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