Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to three 8-to-10 day space flights on the Space Shuttle. Housed in NASA's Animal Enclosure Modules, rats were flown to test the hypotheses that therapy with pegylated interleukin-2 or insulin-like growth factor-1 would ameliorate some of the effects of space flight on the immune system. As part of these experiments, we measured body and organ weights, blood cell differentials, plasma corticosterone, macrophage colony forming units, lymphocyte mitogenic, super-antigenic and interferon-gamma responses, bone marrow cell and peritoneal macrophage cytokine secretion and bone strength and mass. This paper compares some of the immunophysiological parameters of the control animals used in the Immune1-3 flight series and presents data from an animal infection model for use during space flight.
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January 2025
Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA.
The study of transient and variable events, including novae, active galactic nuclei, and black hole binaries, has historically been a fruitful path for elucidating the evolutionary mechanisms of our universe. The study of such events in the millimeter and submillimeter is, however, still in its infancy. Submillimeter observations probe a variety of materials, such as optically thick dust, which are hard to study in other wavelengths.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
January 2025
Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Uncontrolled reentries of space objects create a collision risk with aircraft in flight. While the probability of a strike is low, the consequences could be catastrophic. Moreover, the risk is rising due to increases in both reentries and flights.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAstrobiology
January 2025
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
We review the current state of understanding of Ceres as it relates to planetary protection policy for future landed missions, including for sample return, to the dwarf planet. The Dawn mission found Ceres to be an intriguing target for a mission, with evidence for the presence of regional, possibly extensive liquid at depth, and local expressions of recent and potentially ongoing activity. The Dawn mission also found a high abundance of carbon in the regolith, interpreted as a mix of carbonates and amorphous carbon, as well as locally high concentrations of organic matter.
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January 2025
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA.
Meteoritic impacts on planetary surfaces deliver a significant amount of energy that can produce prebiotic organic compounds such as cyanides, which may be a key step to the formation of biomolecules. To study the chemical processes of impact-induced organic synthesis, we simulated the physicochemical processes of hypervelocity impacts (HVI) in experiments with both high-speed C projectiles and laser ablation. In the first approach, a C beam was accelerated to collide with ammonium nitrate (NHNO) to reproduce the shock process and plume generation of meteoritic impacts on nitrogen-rich planetary surfaces.
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January 2025
School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
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