Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Background: Several experimental, clinical, and epidemiologic studies indicate a better prognosis in women after an infectious challenge. The monocyte/macrophage, as coordinators of the innate immune response to sepsis, secrete plasma inflammatory cytokines. Elevated plasma cytokine levels are inversely correlated with outcome. In addition, single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to these cytokine genes and in genes important for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detection, particularly toll-like receptor-4, have been associated with variations in clinical outcome. We hypothesize that the gender differences in clinical outcome are due to measurable differences in cytokine responses and intracellular signaling, and these differences are independent of polymorphism carrier status.
Methods: Venous blood samples from healthy subjects (56 men, 23 women) were incubated with LPS, and supernatant cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In a randomly chosen subgroup, (8 men, 4 women), peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, and LPS-mediated intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation was assayed via Western blot analysis. Each subject was screened for the following SNPs: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) -308G/A, interleukin (IL)-6 -174G/C, IL-1beta -31C/T, and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) +896A/G.
Results: Women produced significantly less LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta but not IL-6. When the analysis was adjusted for the presence of each polymorphism, the differences in TNF-alpha and IL-1beta accumulation persisted. Female gender was associated with lower MAPK phosphorylation at each LPS concentration but was not statistically significant.
Conclusions: Gender-specific differences in LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were observed, possibly attributed to alterations in MAPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, studies investigating the influence of genomic variation on the innate immune response should address potential gender-related differences.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2005.03.020 | DOI Listing |
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