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On brain stimulation in epilepsy.
Brain
January 2025
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
Brain stimulation has, for many decades, been considered as a potential solution for the unmet needs of the many people living with drug-resistant epilepsy. Clinically, there are several different approaches in use, including vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation of the thalamus, and responsive neurostimulation (RNS). Across populations of patients, all deliver reductions in seizure load and SUDEP risk, yet do so variably, and the improvements seem incremental rather than transformative.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe unique role of fluoxetine in alleviating depression and anxiety by regulating gut microbiota and the expression of vagus nerve-mediated serotonin and melanocortin-4 receptors.
Biomed Pharmacother
December 2024
School of Pharmacy and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:
Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) widely used for depression, but its potential effects on gut microbiota regulation and vagus nerve-mediated serotonin receptor expression have not been well studied. We investigated changes in the gut microbiome regulated by fluoxetine and vagus nerve-mediated expression of several serotonin (5-HT) receptor types associated with anxiety and depression. Oral administration of fluoxetine alleviated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive and anxiety behaviors, increased 5-HT1A, 2 C, and melanocortin 4 (MC4) receptor expression, and the composition of Lactobacillus in mice's gut microbiome.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPOST-MEASLES ACUTE VELOPHARYNGEAL INCOMPETENCE: A RARE CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE.
West Afr J Med
November 2024
Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital/University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
Summary/introduction: Velopharyngeal incompetence(VPI) is the failure of closure of the velopharyngeal sphincter, which consists of the muscles of the soft palate and the superior pharyngeal constrictor, and functions to separate the nasopharynx and oropharynx during phonation and swallowing. VPI is most frequently congenital/syndromic (with structural deficit) but can be acquired. A subset of acquired VPI, occurring in structurally intact velopharynx, has been described in children, and these are isolated and acute-onset, with a substantial proportion thought to have an infectious origin.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCEPHALIC TETANUS: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE.
West Afr J Med
November 2024
Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital/University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
Summary/introduction: Cephalic tetanus (CT) constitutes only 1-3% of total reported tetanus cases. It is marked by flaccid paralysis of one or more cranial nerves (CN) with or without spasticity, typically following craniofacial injuries. The facial nerve is the most frequently paralyzed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTransfer of microbiota from lean donors in combination with prebiotics prevents excessive weight gain and improves gut-brain vagal signaling in obese rats.
Gut Microbes
November 2024
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Article Synopsis
- The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota significantly affects the host's immune response, metabolism, and various health conditions, with diet being the primary factor influencing its composition.
- High-fat (HF) diets can cause dysbiosis, leading to negative changes in gut-brain signaling that may contribute to overeating and obesity.
- In a study, transferring lean microbiota to obese rats on HF diets improved gut-brain communication, reduced calorie intake, and prevented further weight gain, suggesting that enhancing microbiota can help restore normal eating behaviors and metabolic health.
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