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Background: Gamma desynchronization is an early pathophysiological event in Alzheimer's disease with a disturbance in oscillation in the gamma frequency range 30-80 Hz. This disruption was found to be directly related to the disease progression and severity. Thus, the use of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) possessed greater interest.

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Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive emerging tool to modulate brain activities and functional connectivity in various neuropsychiatric disorders. rTMS combined with cognitive training (rTMS-COG) has been showing cognitive enhancing effects compared to those of placebo in mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) in some previous studies. However, there is not much research to conclude how much each rTMS or COG contributes to therapeutic cognitive effects.

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Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects over 55 million people worldwide and is characterized by abnormal deposition of amyloid-β and tau in the brain causing neuronal damage and disrupting transmission within brain circuits. Episodic memory loss, executive deficits, and depression are common symptoms arising from altered function in spatially distinct brain circuits that greatly contribute to disability. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) can target these circuits and has shown promise to relieve specific symptoms.

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Background: Following a diagnosis of dementia, the patient experiences changes that mainly affect his cognitive behavior. Various behavioral therapies are currently being explored to reduce these symptoms and improve the patient's quality of life.

Method: Flow chart RESULT: In the context of the emotional impact associated with the diagnosis of dementia, the search for interventions to mitigate emotional and social deterioration in patients has intensified.

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Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances cognition in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Whereas conventional treatment requires daily sessions for 4-6 weeks, accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) shortens the treatment course to just 3 days, substantially improving feasibility of use in people with MCI. We conducted a Phase I safety and feasibility trial of iTBS in MCI, finding preliminary evidence of cognitive improvement.

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