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Does randomization assert the balance across trial arms? Revisiting Worrall's criticism.
Hist Philos Life Sci
January 2025
Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Grodzka 52, Kraków, Poland.
We revisit John Worrall's old but still prominent argument against the view that randomization balances the impact of both known and unknown confounders across the treatment and control arms. We argue that his argument involving indefinitely many possible confounders is at odds with statistical theory as it (1) presumes that the purpose of randomized studies is obtaining perfect point estimates for which perfect balance is needed; (2) mistakes equalizing each confounder with the overall (average) impact of all confounders, and (3) assumes that the joint effect of an infinite series of confounders cannot be bounded. We defend the role of randomization in balancing the impact of confounders across the treatment and control arms by putting forward the statistical sense of the balance claim.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSustainability for ship operations in seaport areas: Technical solutions and environmental assessment.
Sci Total Environ
January 2025
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) has prohibited ships using of HFO in ports. For this reason, during in port operations, different strategies must be adopted, based on the use of cleaner fuels or on the transition towards marine electrical technologies. In this context, the purpose of the present research is to analyze and compare, from an environmental and economic points of view, different technical solutions for in port operations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThree-Dimensional Assessment of the Condylar Position in Different Malocclusions Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Cureus
December 2024
Department of Orthodontics, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, IND.
Introduction The role of the condylar position in the correct functioning of the stomatognathic system has been the center of the study. Using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), this study looked at the three-dimensional (3D) position of the condylar bone in patients from Class I, Class II, Division 1, and Division 2. Materials and methods This cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted using 102 CBCT records, with 34 records allocated to each category of malocclusion classification, such as dentoskeletal Class I, skeletal Class II, and dental Class II, Division 1 and 2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCurrent Scenario in Associating Clinical COVID-19 Biomarkers for Developing Surveillance Platforms.
Curr Med Chem
January 2025
Department of Physics, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, 626126, India.
The novel coronavirus that caused the epidemic and pandemic resulting in the acute respiratory illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has plagued the world. This is unlike other coronavirus outbreaks that have occurred in the past, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) or severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). COVID-19 has spread more quickly and posed special challenges due to the lack of appropriate treatments and vaccines.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEffectiveness of potent topical corticosteroids versus mild ones in primary care for children with moderate flare-ups of atopic dermatitis; results of a randomised controlled trial.
BMJ Open
December 2024
Department Dermatology, Center of Pediatric Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a potent topical corticosteroid (TCS) as an initial treatment in primary care for children with moderate flare-ups of atopic dermatitis (AD), compared to starting on a mild TCS.
Design: An observational prospective cohort study with an embedded pragmatic multicentre open-label randomised controlled trial.
Setting: A total of 53 general practices in the southwest of the Netherlands took part in the study.
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