Probing the limits of the Derjaguin approximation with scanning force microscopy.

We have measured the interaction force between a silicon nitride scanning force microscopy (SFM) probe and the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolitic graphite as a function of pH and ionic concentration in aqueous solutions. Forces in the range +/- 50 pN were reconstructed from measured signals using dynamical analysis of the cantilever. We modeled the force-separation data using a flat plate electric double-layer interaction and assumed the Derjaguin approximation to adapt the flat plate geometry for the SFM probe shape. Measured forces were well modeled by the theory at high ionic concentrations (10 and 100 mM), where Debye lengths were 3.0 and 0.96 nm, respectively. The theory failed to model forces at a lower ionic concentration (1 mM), where the Debye length was 9.6 nm. To investigate this, we calibrated the SFM probe geometry using blind reconstruction and obtained an apex radius of 7 nm. This value suggested that failure of the theory was due to an invalidation of the Derjaguin approximation at long Debye lengths, where the characteristic length scale for the interaction was larger than the size of the SFM probe. The errors were reduced by replacing the Derjaguin approximation with a surface element integration. The result experimentally demonstrates the limitations of the Derjaguin approximation for predicting interactions of nanoscale colloids.