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The western Kenya highland has been experiencing dramatic landuse changes in the past three decades. Landuse change has been hypothesized to be one of the mechanisms for malaria epidemics in African highlands because it can alter the physical and chemical characteristics of mosquito breeding habitats. One important landuse change in western Kenya highland is deforestation. The current study examined the effects of forestation or deforestation on the survivorship of Anopheles gambiae larvae and colonization of other aquatic insects in larval habitats in Kakamega forest (elevation 1,500-1,700 m above sea level), western Kenya. We found that the survivorship of An. gambiae larvae was reduced from 55 to 57% in habitats fully exposed to sunlight (open habitats) to 1-2% in habitats with full forest canopy coverage (forest habitats) and partial canopy coverage (forest edge habitats) in two out of three trials. The average daily water temperature of the open habitats was approximately 3-3.4 degrees C higher than the forest habitats. Insect species in the orders of Diptera, Coleoptera, and Odonata colonized the larval habitats, but the three habitat types differed greatly in the animal assemblage. Canonical correspondence analysis found that water temperature and amount of leaf litter were the significant variables associated with animal assemblages. Redundancy analysis revealed that openness and the presence of predatory animals were significantly related to An. gambiae survivorship. This result suggests that deforestation facilitates the survival of the immature stage of An. gambiae in the highland.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/42.3.270 | DOI Listing |
Pan Afr Med J
December 2024
Division of Population Health, Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Introduction: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, defined a transition roadmap for countries receiving funding support based on their income status projections. According to the latest projections, Kenya will complete their transition from vaccine funding in 2029. While eligible countries are kept informed and supported for a smooth transition process, the extent to which countries understand the significant implications of a complete end of GAVI support on immunization service delivery varies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSleep
December 2024
School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Australia.
Study Objectives: To examine 1) multidimensional sleep profiles in pre-schoolers (3-6 years) across geocultural regions and 2) differences in sleep characteristics and family practices between Majority World regions (Pacific Islands, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America) and the Minority World (the Western world).
Methods: Participants were 3507 pre-schoolers from 37 countries. Nighttime sleep characteristics and nap duration (accelerometer: n=1950) and family practices (parental questionnaire) were measured.
Lancet
December 2024
Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
Background: Spatial repellent products are used for prevention of insect bites, and a body of evidence exists on spatial repellent entomological efficacy. A new option for vector control, spatial repellent products are designed to release active ingredient into the air for disruption of human-vector contact thereby reducing human exposure to mosquito-borne pathogens. Clinical trials have shown spatial repellent epidemiological efficacy against Aedes-borne viruses but inconclusive outcomes against malaria.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Surg
December 2024
World Surgical Infection Society, Mobile, USA.
Incorporating infection prevention and control (IPC) is crucial for strengthening global surgery, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review article highlights the critical role IPC plays in ensuring equitable and sustainable surgical care, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3 and 10, which aim to promote health and reduce inequalities. Surgical site infections (SSIs) and other healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) disproportionately affect LMICs, where IPC infrastructure is often underdeveloped.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Parasitol
December 2024
College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific-Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon 97355.
Accurate detection of schistosome infections in snails is vital for epidemiologic and laboratory studies. Traditional microscopy methods to detect schistosomes in snails are hindered by long prepatent periods and snail survivorship, leading to inaccurate assessment of infections. A rapid, multiplexed PCR assay targeting Biomphalaria sudanica or Biomphalaria glabrata (internal control) and Schistosoma mansoni DNA is described.
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