IFN-gamma has direct anti-proliferative effects on ovarian cancer cell lines and tumour cells isolated from ovarian cancer ascites. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the mechanisms involved. An IFN-gamma-mediated cell cycle blockade was detectable in synchronised cell populations. Apoptosis, which was caspase dependent, was also induced. When caspase activity was blocked, the anti-proliferative effect of IFN-gamma was only partially reduced indicating independent roles for both growth inhibition and apoptosis in its actions. We have demonstrated involvement of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway; IFN-gamma treatment resulted in mitochondrial membrane depolarisation, cytochrome c release into the cytosol and activation of caspase 9. Cytochrome c release was blocked by the presence of a general caspase inhibitor, suggesting a role for caspases upstream of the mitochondria. One candidate is caspase 8, which was also activated in cells treated with IFN-gamma. Levels of Bid, a pro-apoptotic molecule that can mediate mitochondrial membrane permeabilisation when cleaved by caspase 8, were also decreased and indicated a potential link between these two pathways in IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, together with cisplatin, IFN-gamma exerted a more powerful anti-proliferative effect.
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