Generation of the metachronal wave as the result of hydrodynamic coupling is presented. Different types of metachronal waves and agents influencing their length and spread direction are described. Importance of the metachronal coordination for effectiveness of the mucociliary transport are underlined.
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Bioinspir Biomim
September 2024
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America.
A remarkable variety of organisms use metachronal coordination (i.e. numerous neighboring appendages beating sequentially with a fixed phase lag) to swim or pump fluid.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
August 2024
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
The rheological properties of the extracellular fluid in the female reproductive tract vary spatiotemporally, however, the effect on the behaviour of epithelial cells that line the tract is unexplored. Here, we reveal that epithelial cells respond to the elevated viscosity of culture media by modulating their development and functionality to enhance cilia formation and coordination. Specifically, ciliation increases by 4-fold and cilia beating frequency decreases by 30% when cells are cultured at 100 mPa·s.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAm J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
September 2024
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.
Biomimetics (Basel)
March 2024
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Cilia are slender, hair-like cell protrusions that are present ubiquitously in the natural world. They perform essential functions, such as generating fluid flow, propulsion, and feeding, in organisms ranging from protozoa to the human body. The coordinated beating of cilia, which results in wavelike motions known as metachrony, has fascinated researchers for decades for its role in functions such as flow generation and mucus transport.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOptica
November 2023
Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
Motile cilia are dynamic hair-like structures covering epithelial surfaces in multiple organs. The periodic coordinated beating of cilia creates waves propagating along the surface, known as the metachronal waves, which transport fluids and mucus along the epithelium. Motile ciliopathies result from disrupted coordinated cilia beating and are associated with serious clinical complications, including reproductive disorders.
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