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Conscientious Objection in Healthcare: The Requirement of Justification, The Moral Threshold, and Military Refusals.
J Relig Ethics
March 2024
Institute of Philosophy at Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland) and head of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Ethics at Jagiellonian University, where he leads the project BIOUNCERTAINTY funded by a European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant.
A dogma accepted in many ethical, religious, and legal frameworks is that the reasons behind conscientious objection (CO) in healthcare cannot be evaluated or judged by any institution because conscience is individual and autonomous. This paper shows that this background view is mistaken: the requirement to reveal and explain the reasons for conscientious objection in healthcare is ethically justified and legally desirable. Referring to real healthcare cases and legal regulations, this paper argues that these reasons should be evaluated either ex ante or ex post and defends novel conceptual claims that have not been analyzed in the debates on CO.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAdult glioblastoma with Lynch syndrome-associated mismatch repair deficiency forms a distinct high-risk molecular subgroup.
Free Neuropathol
January 2024
NeuroMarkers, Houston, Texas, USA.
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant primary brain tumor. Although the survival is generally dismal for glioblastoma patients, risk stratification and the identification of high-risk subgroups is important for prompt and aggressive management. The G1-G7 molecular subgroup classification based on the MAPK pathway activation has offered for the first time a non-redundant, all-inclusive classification of adult glioblastoma.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChitosan/γ-PGA nanoparticles and IFN-γ immunotherapy: A dual approach for triple-negative breast cancer treatment.
J Control Release
January 2025
i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a key mediator in antitumor immunity and immunotherapy responses, yet its clinical application remains restricted to chronic granulomatous disease and malignant osteopetrosis. IFN-γ effectiveness as a standalone treatment has shown limited success in clinical trials and its potential for synergistic effects when combined with immunotherapies is under clinical exploration. A particularly compelling combination is that of IFN-γ with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists that holds significant promise for cancer treatment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA psychometric approach to decision-making thresholds across legal and societal domains.
PNAS Nexus
January 2025
Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
What constitutes enough evidence to make a decision? While this is an important question across multiple domains, it takes on special importance in the US legal system, where jurors and judges are instructed to apply specific burdens of proof to render life-changing decisions. Civil trials use a preponderance of evidence (PoE) threshold to establish liability, while criminal trials require proof beyond a reasonable doubt (BaRD) to convict. It is still unclear, however, how laypeople interpret and apply these decision thresholds and how these standards compare to people's intuitive belief (IB) of what constitutes enough evidence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTargeting ultra-processed foods for prevention of type 2 diabetes: state of the evidence and future directions.
Diabetologia
January 2025
Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
The incidence of type 2 diabetes has risen globally, in parallel with the obesity epidemic and environments promoting a sedentary lifestyle and low-quality diet. There has been scrutiny of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) as a driver of type 2 diabetes, underscored by their increasing availability and intake worldwide, across countries of all incomes. This narrative review addresses the accumulated evidence from investigations of the trends in UPF consumption and the relationship with type 2 diabetes incidence.
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