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Multiple mechanisms underlie the surprising willingness of mothers to tolerate genetically different fetal tissues during pregnancy. Chief among these is the choice of HLA-G, a gene with few alleles, rather than the highly polymorphic HLA-A and -B genes, for expression by the placental cells that interface directly with maternal blood and tissues. Novel aspects of this major histocompatibility complex class Ib gene include alternative splicing to permit production of membrane and soluble isoforms, deletions that dampen responses to interferons, and a shortened cytoplasmic tail that affects expression at the cell surface. Placental cells migrating into the maternal uterus synthesize both membrane and soluble isoforms, which interact with inhibitory receptors on leukocytes such as ILT2 and ILT4. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes either die or reduce production of one of their major coreceptor/activator cell surface molecules, CD8; natural killer cells are immobilized and mononuclear phagocytes are programmed into suppressive modes characterized by high production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The idea that placental HLA-G proteins facilitate semiallogeneic pregnancy by inhibiting maternal immune responses to foreign (paternal) antigens via these actions on immune cells is now well established, and the postulate that the recombinant counterparts of these proteins may be used as powerful tools for preventing immune rejection of transplanted organs is gaining in popularity.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.04-2078rev | DOI Listing |
Placenta
March 2025
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. Electronic address:
Introduction: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common pregnancy complication with significant impact on obstetric and birth outcomes. Increasing evidence shows that the inhibition of placental mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is closely related to FGR. However, the pathogenesis of FGR is not fully consistent presently, which is subject to the methodological divergence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Pregnancy Childbirth
March 2025
Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects up to 14% of pregnancies globally, with insulin resistance (IR) playing a critical but often underappreciated role in its pathogenesis. Yet the specific impact of insulin at IR levels on mitochondrial function and pyroptosis in first-trimester trophoblasts remains unclear. Metformin use in GDM pregnancies is rising, but its impact on placental mitochondrial function is uncertain.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
March 2025
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Fetal cell ablation models are crucial for studying congenital diseases, organ regeneration, and xenotransplantation. However, conventional knockout models offer limited control over disease severity, while conditional ablation models often require fetus-harming inducers. In the present study, we demonstrate that the inducible caspase 9 system enables precise targeting of fetal nephron progenitor cells in mice through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlacenta
March 2025
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China. Electronic address:
Objective: This article aims to explore the mechanism of METTL3-mediated SLC31A1 N6-methyladenosine (mA) modification affecting trophoblast migration and invasion in preeclampsia (PE).
Methods: The PE model was established using N-nitro-arginine methyl ester induction. Blood pressure was measured on gestation day (GD) 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20, and urine protein concentration on the day before mating and GD 20.
Development
March 2025
Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Institute for Single-cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
Extra-embryonic tissues provide protection and nutrition in vertebrates, as well as a connection to the maternal tissues in mammals. The extra-embryonic mesoderm is an essential and understudied germ layer present in amniotes. It is involved in hematopoiesis, as well as in the formation of extra-embryonic structures such as the amnion, umbilical cord and placenta.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!