Objective: To describe variations in genital dimensions of normal women.
Design: Observational cross-sectional study.
Setting: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital, University College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
Population: Fifty premenopausal women having gynaecological procedures not involving the external genitalia under general anaesthetic.
Methods: A cross sectional study using digital photography and measurements of the external genitalia.
Main Outcome Measures: Clitoral size, labial length and width, colour and rugosity, vaginal length, distance from clitoris to urethral orifice, distance from posterior fourchette to anterior anal margin.
Results: A wide range of values were noted for each measurement. There was no statistically significant association with age, parity, ethnicity, hormonal use or history of sexual activity.
Conclusion: Women vary widely in genital dimensions. This information should be made available to women when considering surgical procedures on the genitals, decisions for which must be carefully considered between surgeon and woman.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00517.x | DOI Listing |
Drug Des Devel Ther
January 2025
People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 45003, People's Republic of China.
Background: Both intramural myomas and thin endometrium exert a detrimental influence on the outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART). The downregulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-a) is regarded as an effective approach to reducing the size of intramural fibroids and enhancing endometrial receptivity. Consequently, we conducted this study to assess whether the GnRH-a combined with hormone replacement therapy (GnRH-a-HRT) can improve reproductive outcomes in frozen embryo transfer cycles for patients with a thin endometrium (≤7 mm) and intramural fibroids.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
December 2024
School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NZ, UK.
Worldwide museums hold collections of eggshells representing material for descriptive studies. However, an obstacle to this is the lack of information about the original contents and weight of the entire egg (W). This study aimed to fill this gap though development of a methodological mechanism for calculating the volume of the egg interior (V), its density (D) and W.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTheriogenology
March 2025
Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Santarém, 2005-424, Portugal; CIISA-AL4AnimalS, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1300-477, Portugal. Electronic address:
The application of bovine single-chain recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (bscrFSH) for developing new superovulation (SOV) protocols with a reduced number of FSH applications was tested in lactating dairy cows with the aim of reducing animal welfare concerns and lowering labour requirements. Embryo donor cows were randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 12 each) to undergo two different SOV protocols: a) SOV protocol using four bscrFSH applications (one dose/day, 24 h apart, four consecutive days; total: four decreasing doses), and b) SOV protocol using two bscrFSH applications (one dose/day, 48 h apart, two alternate days; total: two decreasing doses) to determine their potential effects on superovulatory response, circulating hormone levels, and in vivo embryo production. Circulating 17β-estradiol, FSH, LH, and progesterone concentrations were unaffected over time by bscrFSH treatment, irrespective of the SOV protocol used (p > 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiofabrication
December 2024
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
Overcoming the low cell survival rates and insufficient neovascularization associated with tissue engineering of the vagina is crucial for advancing the vaginal reconstruction. In this research, we have developed a unique bioink composed of porcine vaginal extracellular matrix (vECM), gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA), and silk fibroin (SF) to facilitate the bioprinting of a vaginal scaffold. The vECM-GelMA-SF bioink effectively replicates themicroenvironment, supporting thecultivation of 3D bioprinted vaginal scaffolds.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFZoology (Jena)
November 2024
Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
Seasonal dimorphism in the body shape of marine invertebrates has been poorly explored compared to vertebrates. We aim to investigate through traditional (body length/width ratio, dorsal elevation ratio and angle of elevation) and geometric (centroid size and shape geometric configurations) morphometrics the effect of gonad maturity (via the gonadosomatic index [GSI] and gonad development stages [GDS]) on changes in body shape in males and females of two latitudinally different populations of the broadcast-spawning intertidal mollusc Chiton articulatus. We confirmed that C.
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