We examined the distribution of orexin/hypocretin immunoreactive neurons and projections throughout the brain of the green treefrog (Hyla cinerea). Orexin A and B neurons were located in a single population centered on the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Orexin A and B fibers were visible across the brain, with the highest density within the preoptic area and hypothalamus. Our data suggest different distributions of orexin neurons but not projections between families of amphibians.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.095 | DOI Listing |
Int J Mol Sci
February 2024
Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Ever since the discovery of the brain's orexin/hypocretin system, most research was directed toward unveiling its contribution to the normal functioning of individuals. The investigation of reward-seeking behaviors then gained a lot of attention once the distribution of orexinergic neurons was revealed. Here, we discuss findings on the involvement of orexins in social interaction, a natural reward type.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Neurosci
July 2023
Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
Brain orexin (hypocretin) neurons are implicated in sleep-wake switching and reward-seeking but their roles in rapid arousal dynamics and reward perception are unclear. Here, cell-specific stimulation, deletion and in vivo recordings revealed strong correlative and causal links between pupil dilation-a quantitative arousal marker-and orexin cell activity. Coding of arousal and reward was distributed across orexin cells, indicating that they specialize in rapid, multiplexed communication of momentary arousal and reward states.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBioorg Med Chem
June 2023
Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
Azulene is a rare ring structure in drugs, and we investigated whether it could be used as a biphenyl mimetic in known orexin receptor agonist Nag 26, which is binding to both orexin receptors OX and OX with preference towards OX. The most potent azulene-based compound was identified as an OX orexin receptor agonist (pEC = 5.79 ± 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Cardiovasc Med
November 2022
Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute heart failure syndrome. Emotional or physical stressors are believed to precipitate TTS, while the pathophysiological mechanism is not yet completely understood. During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, an increased incidence of TTS has been reported in some countries; however, the precise pathophysiological mechanism for developing TTS with acute COVID-19 infection is unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeuropeptides
October 2022
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
The orexin (hypocretin) is one of the hypothalamic neuropeptides that plays a critical role in some behaviors including feeding, sleep, arousal, reward processing, and drug addiction. This variety of functions can be described by a united function for orexins in translating states of heightened motivation, for example during physiological requirement states or following exposure to reward opportunities, into planned goal-directed behaviors. An addicted state is characterized by robust activation of orexin neurons from the environment, which triggers downstream circuits to facilitate behavior directed towards obtaining the drug.
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