[The contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive processes].

Introduction: Apart from its functions involving control over movement, the cerebellum is also related to learning motor sequences and, according to the experimental and clinical evidence we will examine, to cognitive and learning processes that do not exclusively involve motor activity.

Development: The cerebrocerebellar connections act as a vehicle for the afferent information from the sensory-motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, the frontal regions responsible for (expressive) language, parietal cortex, superior colliculus and superior temporal cortex, returning efferences to similar areas that are responsible for attention, visuospatial perception, memory and the regulation of executive and emotional functions. It plays a role in the preparation and anticipation of motor responses, according to sequences experienced previously depending on the information received from the surroundings, thus anticipating the physiological state for carrying out perceptual motor or cognitive tasks. A number of experimental neuroimaging studies, as well as the discovery of a new cell in the neuronal population of the cerebellum, relate the cerebellum to cognitive processing.

Conclusions: Clinical observation of patients with cerebellar lesion or dysfunction, which are related to a deficit in the cognitive functions, suggests a model with which to understand these mechanisms. Long-lasting depression is considered to be the learning mechanism in the cerebellum and is intimately related to the mechanisms involved in neuronal plasticity and in memory.