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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental and food contaminants with known or suspected carcinogenic properties. In this study, we have evaluated whether PAHs activate the early growth response (EGR-1) gene and bind to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) and delta (PPAR beta/delta) in cell culture systems. Luciferase reporter systems were employed and several PAHs were evaluated for their ability to activate EGR-1 and PPARs. Some PAHs enhanced EGR-1 expression and activated PPAR alpha and PPAR beta. Among them, benz(a)anthracene was found to act as a relatively potent activator of PPAR alpha and PPAR beta/delta, and to significantly enhance EGR-1 transcription. These in vitro assays were confirmed by Western blot analysis, using cell lysates of tissue samples from mouse trapped at a highly contaminated Superfund site in the Chattanooga Creek floodplain in Chattanooga, Tennessee. We have found that a PPAR target gene, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), was down-regulated and EGR-1 was up-regulated in the mouse samples of Chattanooga Creek. In addition, select PAHs repressed GSK-3beta and induced CYP4A in FaO rat hepatoma cells. In conclusion, PAHs activate PPAR alpha and PPAR beta/delta, and up-regulate EGR-1 expression in vitro as well as in vivo. These data may provide a diversity of PAH activity in several biological pathways.
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