Ergonomics of visual emergency signals.

Visual distress signalling devices should be designed for safe and efficient use by untrained persons under adverse operating conditions. Thus, Ergonomics/Human Factors information should be used intensively to optimise visual emergency signals (VES). Research was performed to assess the compliance with Human Engineering principles in existing VES. A field survey was conducted, in which the VES were categorised, critical Ergonomics aspects were established and compiled to design recommendations. Laboratory tests were performed that indicated the effects of selected Human Engineering design features on identification, unpacking, and operation of VES. Finally, the research results were validated in realistically simulated emergencies. The research findings demonstrate that adherence to recommendations is often missing in present VES, but would greatly reduce the time needed (here: up to 80%) for the successful use of the signals.