Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 1034
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3152
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Antigen processing and recognition is a key feature of antibacterial immune responses to intracellular bacteria. In contrast to viruses, which are primarily controlled by conventional MHC II- and MHC I-restricted CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, respectively, unconventional T cells participate additionally in antibacterial protection. These unconventional T cells include glycolipid-specific CD1-restricted T cells and phospholigand-specific gammadelta T cells. We are just beginning to understand the broad spectrum of antigen recognition and stimulation of distinct T-cell populations by bacterial pathogens. From the host perspective, a broad spectrum of different T-cell populations that recognize proteins, lipids and carbohydrates strengthens protective immunity. From the perspective of the pathogen, antigen presentation represents a bottleneck that should be exploited for evasion from, or devastation of, acquired immunity. Although several such mechanisms have been described in viral systems, few have thus far been elucidated in bacterial infections.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2004.12.004 | DOI Listing |
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!