There are several natural and artificial factors that mimic the effects of chemical warfare agents, thereby causing unwarranted alarm and confusion on the battlefield. Symptoms associated with chemical warfare include paralysis, muscle tremors, heavy salivation, severe burns, blistering, and corrosive skin injuries among others. Similar symptoms can be produced from a variety of environmental sources, artificial and natural. This article reviews several published and unpublished examples of environmental factors that produce syndromes similar to those caused by these agents. Examples of such mimics include pesticides, blistering exudates from insects and plants, various types of bites, and naturally occurring diseases. The potential for confusion caused by these factors is discussed and means of discriminating between warfare agents and naturally occurring events are identified. Recommendations for the use of this information and for needed research are also discussed.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|---|
| http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.169.12.958 | DOI Listing |
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
Metabolic Characterization of Sarin, Cyclosarin, and Novichoks (A-230, A-232) in Human Liver Microsomes.
Chem Res Toxicol
January 2025
Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1730 Varsity Drivef, Suite 360, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606-5228, United States.
We have assessed the human liver microsomal (HLM) metabolism of the chemical warfare nerve agents' sarin (GB), cyclosarin (GF), and the Novichok agents A-230 and A-232. In HLM, GB showed drastically decreased stability ( = 1.4 h).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiscriminative detection of various organophosphorus nerve agents and analogues based on self-trapping probe coupled with SERS.
J Hazard Mater
January 2025
Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China. Electronic address:
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) are highly lethal chemical warfare agents (CWAs), which poses a serious threat to human health and safety. The accurate and rapid identification of OPNAs is crucial for medical diagnosis and effective treatment. However, distinguishing between various OPNAs and their analogues using on-site point-of-care testing (POCT) remains challenging.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAssociation of sulfur mustard toxicity with oxidant/antioxidant system in veterans: A meta-analysis of case-control studies.
Int Immunopharmacol
January 2025
Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent that increases oxidative stress in veterans. The literature assessing oxidant/antioxidant parameters in SM-exposed veterans contains conflicting results. A total of 11 relevant studies were identified and screened.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMustard Gas Induced Corneal Injury Involves Ferroptosis and p38 MAPK Signaling.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
January 2025
Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States.
Purpose: Sulfur mustard gas (SM) exposure to eyes causes multiple corneal injuries including stromal cell loss in vivo. However, mechanisms mediating stromal cell loss/death remains elusive. This study sought to test the novel hypothesis that SM-induced toxicity to human corneal stromal fibroblasts involves ferroptosis mechanism via p38 MAPK signaling.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA Liquid Metal Balloon for the Exfoliation of an Ultrathin and Uniform Gallium Oxide Layer.
Molecules
December 2024
School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
We report the exfoliation of ultrathin gallium oxide (GaO) films from liquid metal balloons, formed by injecting air into droplets of eutectic gallium-indium alloy (eGaIn). These GaO films enable the selective adsorption of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersed in water, resulting in the formation of a dense, percolating CNT network on their surface. The self-assembled CNT network on GaO provides a versatile platform for device fabrication.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWant AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!