Reality has many faces, depending on who is judging or describing a situation or event. A person's view of reality is strongly influenced by his or her perceptions, values, biases and beliefs, and reality is therefore a relative term. Even the ability to determine the reality of an object through objective instruments and measures is limited. Most people accept the principle that there is not a single absolute reality about an event, but many realities which depend on the perceptions of the observer. Reality can be shaped in various ways: governments often attempt to shape reality for their citizens; myths and misconceptions abound; and personal activities influence our beliefs. Trying to understand reality teaches one to understand that there is no single reality or truth and no simple answer or approach to achieve a full understanding. In the pharmaceutical industry, to develop pharma sense, one must understand the universe of perspectives that can be brought to the specific issue or question being addressed.
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Hum Vaccin Immunother
December 2025
National Influenza Centre, Edificio Rondilla, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
Influenza accounts for 30% of the total morbidity and mortality in the European Union. However, the specific burden in different European countries is largely unknown, and more research is needed to ascertain the reality of this disease. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the burdens of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital mortality in Spain over five seasons (2015-2020) via publicly available Minimum Basic Datasets (MDBS).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Med Internet Res
January 2025
Psychological Institute and Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
Background: Immersive virtual reality (iVR) has emerged as a training method to prepare medical first responders (MFRs) for mass casualty incidents (MCIs) and disasters in a resource-efficient, flexible, and safe manner. However, systematic evaluations and validations of potential performance indicators for virtual MCI training are still lacking.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether different performance indicators based on visual attention, triage performance, and information transmission can be effectively extended to MCI training in iVR by testing if they can discriminate between different levels of expertise.
PLoS One
January 2025
Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Virtual reality environments presented on tablets and smartphones offer a novel way of measuring navigation skill and predicting real-world navigation problems. The extent to which such virtual tests are effective at predicting navigation in older populations remains unclear. We compared the performance of 20 older participants (54-74 years old) in wayfinding tasks in a real-world environment in London, UK, and in similar tasks designed in a mobile app-based test of navigation (Sea Hero Quest).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Surg
January 2025
Department of Surgery, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain.
Pancreatic surgery is considered one of the most challenging interventions by many surgeons, mainly due to retroperitoneal location and proximity to key and delicate vascular structures. These factors make pancreatic resection a demanding procedure, with successful rates far from optimal and frequent postoperative complications. Surgical planning is essential to improve patient outcomes, and in this regard, many technological advances made in the last few years have proven to be extremely useful in medical fields.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCurr Opin Oncol
December 2024
Université Paris Saclay, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, CEA, INSERM UMR 1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin Bicêtre France, France.
Purpose Of Review: Long-term immune related adverse events (irAEs) are an increasing reality in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) but remain under-reported. With the number of ICI treated patients increasing, we here aimed to expose the current evidence on their clinical presentations and diagnosis criteria.
Recent Findings: First described in ICI validation trials, long term irAEs were further characterized through retrospective studies, providing clues on their frequency, clinical spectrum, risk factors and impact on patient's quality of life.
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