Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 1034
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3152
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Background & Objective: Quercetin, a widely distributed natural flavonoid with a variety of biological functions, can reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) in leukemia according to recent researches. This study was to investigate the mechanism of quercetin restoring subcellular distribution of daunorubicin (DNR) in multidrug resistant leukemia cell lines, K562/ADM and HL-60/ADM, and reversing their MDR.
Methods: MTT cell viability assay was used to verify the sensitization of DNR by quercetin in K562/ADM and HL-60/ADM cells,and determine the reverse concentration extent,confocal laser scanning microscope was used to observe the subcellular distribution of DNR in K562/ADM and HL-60/ADM cells,and relevant sensitive cell lines, K562/S and HL-60/S,before and after quercetin exposion.
Results: Compared with K562/S and HL-60/S cells,20-40 micromol/L of quercetin in vitro remarkably enhanced the sensitivity of K562/ADM and HL-60/ADM cells to DNR, restore the subcellular distribution of DNR, so as to reverse MDR.
Conclusion: quercetin could be a candidate of effective multidrug resistance-reversing agent in leukemia chemotherapy.
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