A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 176

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

Carnitine replacement in end-stage renal disease and hemodialysis. | LitMetric

In patients with chronic renal failure, not yet undergoing hemodialysis (HD), plasma acylcarnitines accumulate in part due to a decreased renal clearance of esterified carnitine moieties. In these patients, a high acylcarnitine/free-carnitine ratio is usually found in plasma. Patients undergoing maintenance HD, usually present with plasma carnitine insufficiency, due to accumulation of metabolic intermediates combined with impaired carnitine biosynthesis, reduced protein intake and increased removal via HD. Plasma carnitine concentrations rapidly decrease to 40% of baseline level during the dialysis session, with a slow restoration of the carnitine concentration during the interdialytic period, mainly from organs of storage (skeletal muscle). Dietary intake also plays an important role in carnitine homeostasis of HD patients since the prevalence of malnutrition ranges from 18% to 75% of these cases. This could differentially affect various body compartments, with clinical consequences such as impaired muscle function, decreased wound healing, altered ventilatory response, and abnormal immune function. Repeated hemodialytic treatments are associated with decreased carnitine stores in skeletal muscle. The administration of intravenous L-carnitine (LC) postdialysis replenishes the free carnitine removed from the blood and contributes to replenishment of muscle carnitine content. LC supplementation in selected uremic patients may yield clinical benefits by ameliorating several conditions, such as erythropoietin-resistant anemia, decreased cardiac performance, intradialytic hypotension, muscle symptoms, as well as impaired exercise and functional capacities. Furthermore, LC may positively influence the nutritional status of HD patients by promoting a positive protein balance, and by reducing insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, possibly through an effect on leptin resistance.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1320.005DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

carnitine
10
plasma carnitine
8
skeletal muscle
8
patients
6
muscle
5
carnitine replacement
4
replacement end-stage
4
end-stage renal
4
renal disease
4
disease hemodialysis
4

Similar Publications

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!