Two analogs of yessotoxin were isolated from extracts of a culture of Protoceratium reticulatum. The structures of the analogs were identified as trihydroxylated amides of 41a-homoyessotoxin (1) and 9-methyl-41a-homoyessotoxin (2) by one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and LC-MS3 analyses. Structures were further confirmed by micro-scale chemical conversions combined with LC-MS3 analyses. No toxic effects were recorded in mice injected intraperitoneally with 2 at a dose of 5000 microg/kg.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.09.011 | DOI Listing |
Chemosphere
October 2024
Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) - proliferated algae densities, often producing toxins - have increasingly been found in ocean and coastal areas. Recent studies show that rising temperatures contribute to HAB occurrence, but the broader influence of climate change on these outbreaks is less quantified. Of particular concern is the limited research on HAB toxin effects under varying temperatures, especially regarding primary consumers such as copepods, a crucial component of aquatic ecosystems.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Pollut
November 2024
Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Center for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola AQUAPACIFICO, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
In late summer and early autumn 2022, an intense bloom of Protoceratium reticulatum-the main yessotoxin (YTX) producer along Chilean coasts and a major threat to artisanal fisheries, the aquaculture industry, and environmental health-was recorded in the Patagonian fjord system. The high YTX levels (>3.75 mg kg) resulted in the first ban of shellfish collection in Chile.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Hazard Mater
September 2024
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
Mar Pollut Bull
February 2024
Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China. Electronic address:
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their associated phycotoxins are increasing globally, posing great threats to local coastal ecosystems and human health. Nutrients have been carried by the freshwater Yangtze River and have entered the estuary, which was reported to be a biodiversity-rich but HAB-frequent region. Here, in situ solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was used to monitor lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) in seawaters, and extended local similarity analysis (eLSA) was conducted to trace the temporal and special regions of those LSTs in a one-year trail in a mussel culture ranch in the Yangtze River Estuary.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMar Environ Res
February 2024
MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address:
The dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum and Lingulodinium polyedra are potential yessotoxin (YTX) producers, which have been associated with blooms responsible for economic, social, and ecological impacts around the world. They occur in Iberian waters, but in this region, little is known of their ecophysiology and toxin profiles. This study investigated the growth and toxin production of two strains of each species, from the Portuguese coast, at 15 °C, 19 °C, and 23 °C.
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