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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Finland in 2021-2023 - Genetic diversity of the viruses and infection kinetics in human dendritic cells.
Emerg Microbes Infect
December 2025
Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 is known for its virulence and zoonotic potential, infecting birds and mammals, thus raising public health concerns. Since 2021 its spread among birds has led to cross-species transmission causing epizootics among mammals, eventually impacting fur animal farms in Finland in 2023. To analyze the infectivity of the Finnish H5N1 isolates in human cells, representatives of diverse H5N1 isolates were selected based on the genetic differences, host animal species, and the year of occurrence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEradication of bovine tuberculosis in Ireland: is it a case of now or never?
Ir Vet J
December 2024
Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland.
There has been a sharp disimprovement in the bovine tuberculosis (bTB) situation in Ireland in recent years. This commentary argues for critical programme change in three overarching themes relevant to the Irish bTB eradication programme, if eradication is to be successful: (1) Limiting infection in cattle. Residual (hidden) infection is an important constraint to eradication, due to the use of imperfect diagnostic tests.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAn influenza mRNA vaccine protects ferrets from lethal infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus.
Sci Transl Med
December 2024
Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
The global spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus poses a serious pandemic threat, necessitating the swift development of effective vaccines. The success of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology in the COVID-19 pandemic, marked by its rapid development and scalability, demonstrates its potential for addressing other infectious threats, such as HPAI A(H5N1). We therefore evaluated mRNA vaccine candidates targeting panzootic influenza A(H5) clade 2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInfluenza A(H5N1) shedding in air corresponds to transmissibility in mammals.
Nat Microbiol
January 2025
Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Article Synopsis
- An increase in spillover events of avian influenza A(H5N1) to mammals indicates that certain virus strains are adapting for better transmission among mammals.
- Research using air-sampling devices to monitor ferrets shows that earlier strains of A(H5N1) didn't effectively transmit due to low airborne virus shedding, not a lack of mutations needed for adaptation.
- In contrast, while human A(H1N1) was easily detected in the air, some A(H5N1) strains from 2005 and 2024 were not, although a couple of ferrets infected with a 2022 European polecat strain and a 2024 strain from a farm worker did shed infectious virus.
Evaluating the effectiveness of badger vaccination combined with cattle test-and-removal in managing Bovine Tuberculosis: Insights from a two-host and multi-route transmission model.
Prev Vet Med
February 2025
Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands; Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands.
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has a complex infection ecology and is difficult to control in many countries, including Ireland. For many years, the Irish national bTB eradication programme relied on cattle-based control measures, including test-and-removal with related movement restrictions. In the early 2000s, badger culling was added as a part of the control measure in the national programme.
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