Behav Neurosci
Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
Published: October 2004
Exercise promotes multiple changes in hippocampal morphology and should, as a result, alter behavioral function. The present experiment investigated the effect of exercise on learning using contextual and auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning. Rats remained inactive or voluntarily exercised (VX) for 30 days, after which they received auditory-cued fear conditioning. Twenty-four hours later, rats were tested for learning of the contextual and auditory conditional responses. No differences in freezing behavior to the discrete auditory cue were observed during the training or testing sessions. However, VX rats did freeze significantly more compared to controls when tested in the training context 24 hr after exposure to shock. The enhancement of contextual fear conditioning provides further evidence that exercise alters hippocampal function and learning.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.118.5.1123 | DOI Listing |
Photoacoustics
February 2025
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
Pattern recognition analysis in brain research has improved understanding of sensory processing and led to the identification of default brain networks in neuroimaging studies. The current study uses pattern recognition analysis to extend our previous findings showing conditioned fear learning and novelty-exposure (i.e.
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January 2025
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea; Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea. Electronic address:
Cd99 molecule-like 2 (Cd99l2) is a type I transmembrane protein that plays a role in the transmigration of leukocytes across vascular endothelial cells. Despite its high expression in the brain, the role of Cd99l2 remains elusive. We find that Cd99l2 is expressed primarily in neurons and positively regulates neurite outgrowth and the development of excitatory synapses.
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January 2025
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
People living with HIV (PLWH) experience HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), even though combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) suppresses HIV replication. HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (HIV-1 Tat) contributes to the development of HAND through neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic mechanisms. C-C chemokine 5 receptor (CCR5) is important in immune cell targeting and is a co-receptor for HIV viral entry into CD4+ cells.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is required for learning associations that determine whether animals approach or avoid potential threats in the environment. Dopaminergic (DA) projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the mPFC carry information, particularly about aversive outcomes, that may inform prefrontal computations. But the role of prefrontal DA in learning based on aversive outcomes remains poorly understood.
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January 2025
Department of Medical Sciences, Experimental Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address:
Past results suggest that fear extinction and the return of extinguished fear are compromised in adolescents. However, findings have been inconclusive as there is a lack of fear extinction and extinction retention studies including children, adolescents and adults. In the present study, 36 children (6-9 years), 40 adolescents (13-17 years) and 44 adults (30-40 years), underwent a two-day fear conditioning task.
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