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Qualitative confirmation of 30 phencyclidine analogs in human blood and urine using GC-HRMS and a self-built library search.
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci
January 2025
Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063 China. Electronic address:
Introduction: Phencyclidine, a dissociative anesthetic with hallucinogenic effects, is commonly abused as a recreational drug. Phencyclidine analogs are compounds produced by substitutions of the phenyl and piperidine rings of phencyclidine. Illegal use of phencyclidine and its analogs has symptoms such as addiction, confusion, and increased tendencies toward violence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDysfunction of the NMDA Receptor in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and/or the Pathomechanisms of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.
Biomolecules
September 2024
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
For several decades, the dopamine hypothesis contributed to the discovery of numerous typical and atypical antipsychotics and was the sole hypothesis for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, neither typical nor atypical antipsychotics, other than clozapine, have been effective in addressing negative symptoms and cognitive impairments, which are indices for the prognostic and disability outcomes of schizophrenia. Following the development of atypical antipsychotics, the therapeutic targets for antipsychotics expanded beyond the blockade of dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors to explore the partial agonism of the D2 receptor and the modulation of new targets, such as D3, 5-HT1A, 5-HT7, and metabotropic glutamate receptors.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDrug-induced change in transmitter identity is a shared mechanism generating cognitive deficits.
Nat Commun
September 2024
Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0955, USA.
Cognitive deficits are long-lasting consequences of drug use, yet the convergent mechanism by which classes of drugs with different pharmacological properties cause similar deficits is unclear. We find that both phencyclidine and methamphetamine, despite differing in their targets in the brain, cause the same glutamatergic neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of male mice to gain a GABAergic phenotype and decrease expression of their glutamatergic phenotype. Suppressing drug-induced gain of GABA with RNA-interference prevents appearance of memory deficits.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEffects of Antipsychotics on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in a Phencyclidine Animal Model of Schizophrenia.
Cells
August 2024
Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Schizophrenia (SCH) is a mental disorder that requires long-term antipsychotic treatment. SCH patients are thought to have an increased sensitivity to stress. The dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, observed in SCH, could include altered levels of glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), and associated proteins.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFKetamine - An Imperfect Wonder Drug?
Biochem Pharmacol
November 2024
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA. Electronic address:
Ketamine is a potent sedative and dissociative anesthetic agent that has been used clinically for over 50 years since it was first developed in the 1960 s as an alternative to phencyclidine (PCP). When compared to PCP, ketamine exhibited a much lower incidence of severe side effects, including hallucinations, leading to its increased popularity in clinical practice. Ketamine was initially used as an anesthetic agent, especially in emergency medicine and in surgical procedures where rapid induction and recovery was necessary.
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