The long-standing practice of prescribing hormones to postmenopausal women was based in part on the observation that following menopause, women's incidence of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and cerebral vascular accident increased. Recent large-scale research has shown an increase in cardiovascular events for postmenopausal women receiving estrogen replacement in oral form. This article examines research on positive effects of hormone replacement therapy, discusses what is known about the development of cardiovascular disease in women, and evaluates recent research that has shown increased cardiovascular risk in women receiving hormone replacement. It concludes with recommendations for preventing cardiovascular disease in women. This is essential information for nurses, who need to be informed of ways to maintain their own health while serving as sources of health information for the public at large.
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Estrogens are key hormones that play a vital role in the physiology of the reproductive system in women. However, their therapeutic use in hormonal treatment, contraception, and the treatment of hormone-dependent diseases may be associated with a number of side effects, especially on the liver. This article focuses on the mechanisms of action of estrogens and their potential hepatotoxic effects, as well as risk factors and possible differences between representatives.
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Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address:
Hop extracts containing prenylated polyphenols such as 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) and its precursor isoxanthohumol (iXN) are popular among women seeking natural alternatives to hormone therapy for postmenopausal symptoms. Due to structural similarities with estrogens, these compounds act as estrogen receptor agonists. Especially 8-PN, described as the most potent phytoestrogen known to date, poses a potential risk for endocrine disruption.
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Biochem J
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The sodium phosphate cotransporter-2A (NPT2A) mediates basal and parathyroid hormone (PTH)- and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23)-regulated phosphate transport in proximal tubule cells of the kidney. Both basal and hormone-sensitive transport require sodium hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor-1 (NHERF1), a scaffold protein with tandem PDZ domains, PDZ1 and PDZ2. NPT2A binds to PDZ1.
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