Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
We have identified and analyzed the mRNA sequence of 20 new defensin-like peptides from 11 Australian termite species of Nasutitermes and from an outgroup, Drepanotermes rubriceps. The sequence was amplified by reverse transcriptase PCR with a degenerate primer designed from termicin, an antifungal peptide previously characterized from the termite Pseudocanthotermes spiniger. All 20 genes show high sequence identity with P. spiniger termicin and have duplicated repeatedly during the radiation of Nasutitermes. Comparison of the relative fixation rates of synonymous (silent) and nonsynonymous (amino acid altering) mutations indicates that the Nasutitermes termicins are positively selected. This positive selection appears to drive a decrease in termicin charge. In termites with two genes, the decrease in charge is predominantly restricted to one termicin. Furthermore, the spread of charge is significantly greater within species than across species among amino acid sites that appear to be under strong positive selection and this spread is attributable to only three sites. Our results suggest that after termicin duplication, certain critical sites have maintained a positive charge in one duplicate and evolved towards neutrality in the other and that positive selection has directed these changes repeatedly and independently. This diversification among duplicated genes may be a counter-response to the evolution of fungal resistance in social insects that are particularly vulnerable to fungal epidemics.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msh236 | DOI Listing |
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!