To evaluate electrically stimulated muscle grafts for augmenting ventricular function in cardiac insufficiency, dynamic cardiomyoplasty was performed in nine sheep, using latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle wrapped as a pedicle around the left ventricle. Beginning 2 weeks postoperatively, LD was stimulated synchronously with the heart. After 6 and 12 weeks of stimulation, hemodynamic evaluation was done and biopsies were taken for histochemical and biochemical analysis. With intact heart function, stimulation of the muscle was not hemodynamically beneficial. During induced heart failure, cardiomyoplasty increased cardiac output by 25% in two sheep. Eight LD muscles contracted vigorously in synchrony with the heart, one was fibrosed and all were fixed to the thoracotomy incision by scar tissue. ATPase stain showed gradual transformation of muscle fibers into fatigue-resistant Type I. At 12 weeks only Type I were seen. Quantitative enzymatic analyses revealed increase in oxidative and decrease in glycolytic enzymes. Chronic electrical stimulation is concluded to change the muscle characteristics towards those of mainly oxidative and fatigue-resistant muscle, thereby improving opportunities for assisting the depressed heart. Dynamic cardiomyoplasty involves risks of adhesions to adjacent tissues and muscle trauma from chronic stimulation.
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