Balanced reciprocal and Robertsonian translocations are the most common structural chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Generally, they are without consequence for the carrier, but for various degrees of oligoasthenoteratozoospermia in men. As these carriers can produce a significant percentage of gametes with an unbalanced combination of the parental rearrangement, there is a more or less significant risk, according to cases, of chromosomal imbalances for their offspring. Therefore, techniques were developed to study the meiotic segregation of these translocations in males. Direct investigation of human sperm chromosomes became possible by karyotyping spermatozoa after penetration of zona-free hamster oocytes and, more recently, using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). This paper reviews the results obtained using these techniques in Robertsonian and reciprocal translocations. The studies on spermatozoa from translocation carriers help the comprehension of the mechanisms of the meiotic segregation. They should be integrated in the genetic exploration of the infertile men, in order to give them a personalized risk assessment of unbalanced spermatozoa, specially as a correlation was found recently between the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa and that of abnormal embryos.
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