Non-iatrogenic anatomical findings at autopsy provide insight into preterm infant physiology. The different patterns of lipid accumulation in the adrenal may correspond to long-term differences in stress response. Cardiac papillary muscle infarction occurs with asphyxia or shock and can explain myocardial dysfunction. Underdevelopment of preterm kidneys may correlate with susceptibility to renal disease and hypertension in adult life. Immaturity of the lung or immature responses to inflammation, rather than high oxygen concentrations or high ventilation pressures, may underlie chronic lung disease in premature infants. Hepatic extramedullary haematopoiesis is normal but, if excessive or abnormally persistent, can be an indicator of fetal disease. Hypertrophic somatostatin islet cells found with intra-uterine growth retardation may correlate with low serum insulin. Thymic involution may mark the degree of stress. Small thyroglobulin stores may limit the premature neonate's initiation of thermogenesis.
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