Non-specific effect of fear conditioning and specific effect of social defeat on social recognition memory performance in female rats.

The so called "emotion learning" literature describes the ability of distressing and aversive unconditioned stimuli to classically condition a learned avoidance response. In order to investigate the impact of experience with noxious stimuli in one conditioning context on learning and memory performance in a separate, non-aversively motivated task, juvenile recognition ability was examined in adult female rats exposed previously to one of two environmental stressors. In particular, experimental adult rats were either socially defeated by exposure to an aggressive conspecific rat or fear conditioned using single or multiple pairings with footshock prior to performance of the social recognition task. Experiment 1 established that repeated exposure to a single juvenile resulted in social memory formation reflected in decreased social investigation from the first to the second exposure. Experiment 2 documented that both single and multiple pairings of an environment with footshock produced robust freezing behavior (90-95% suppression of activity). In addition, fear conditioning produced a non-specific 5-60% increase in social investigation time in both single and multiple-pairing fear conditioned groups which confounded the ability of the social recognition measure to assess effects of fear conditioning on learning and memory performance per se. In contrast, Experiment 3 documented that when social recognition memory performance was impaired to 85% of control levels by imposition of a 2 h delay, exposure to a social defeat stressor reinstated optimal social recognition memory performance. These findings suggest that the after effects of fear conditioning include non-specific alteration of social investigation whereas exposure to conspecific aggression enhances subsequent social recognition memory.