Coupling loss occurs between a standard single-mode fiber and a silica waveguide when the difference between the refractive indices of the core and the cladding of the silica waveguide is high. We designed a Y-branch structure for use as a spot-size converter to reduce this coupling loss. The structure was tested with a three-dimensional beam-propagation method and was shown to exhibit a significantly reduced coupling loss, a low polarization-dependent loss, and a good tolerance of imprecision in fabrication. No additional fabrication steps are required for this proposed spot-size converter.
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