Oral zinc therapy is effective in controlling copper balance in patients with Wilson's disease and blocks the intestinal absorption of copper, as demonstrated by uptake of copper 64 and copper balance measurements. In this study, 64Cu uptake measurements were concomitantly carried out with intestinal biopsies to investigate the relationship of reduced copper absorption to the levels of intestinal metallothionein in patients with Wilson's disease at different stages of zinc therapy. A pronounced increase in intestinal metallothionein levels and a sharp drop in 64Cu absorption were found 4 to 5 days after the initiation of zinc treatment. Conversely, metallothionein levels decreased and 64Cu uptake increased on the discontinuation of zinc therapy. The data indicate that 64Cu absorption varies as a function of intestinal metallothionein level. Intestinal metallothionein levels were found to correlate linearly with urinary zinc levels, which reflect body zinc status. These findings support our hypothesis that intestinal metallothionein induction mediates decreased copper absorption observed during zinc therapy. The suppressive effect of zinc on copper absorption appears to have a half-life of about 11 days.
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