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Isolated third cranial nerve palsy in benign idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

BMJ Case Rep

January 2025

Department of General Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pondicherry, India.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is marked by increased intracranial pressure without any accompanying evidence of clinical, imaging or laboratory findings of intracranial pathology. In addition to headache, nausea and vomiting, typical symptoms might also include diplopia, photophobia and blurred vision. Third nerve palsy is rarely linked to IIH, although sixth nerve palsy is reported in the majority of individuals with IIH.

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Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Alzheimers Dement

December 2024

Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Background: Glaucoma is characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration that results in irreversible blindness, and it can be considered a neurodegenerative disorder of both the eye and the brain. Increasing evidence suggest that glaucoma shares some common neurodegenerative pathways with Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) among others. Interestingly, a recent study revealed the presence of abnormal TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) inclusions and aggregates in retinal ganglion cells and other retinal cell types in FTLD-TDP patients; however, the significance of this pathology and its impact on retinal function and optical nerve integrity is unknown.

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Objective: This systematic review aims to consolidate and analyze the existing evidence on Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) in the pediatric population, focusing on clinical features, diagnostic challenges, treatment outcomes, and prognosis.

Background: Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare headache disorder caused by idiopathic inflammation of the cavernous sinus, orbital apex, or orbit, resulting in neuro-ophthalmological manifestations. It is uniquely characterized by cranial nerve palsies and often responds well to steroids.

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Lower Cranial Nerves in the Neck: An Anatomical Study.

Cureus

December 2024

Otorhinolaryngology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de São João, Porto, PRT.

Objectives The aim of this anatomical study was to analyze distances and anatomical relations between the lower cranial nerves and important neck landmarks. Methods Anatomical study based on neck dissection in Thiel-embalmed cadavers. Anatomical relations and distances between the vagus (X), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves and important neck landmarks were registered and compared.

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Background: The aim of the present study was to compare the rates of change in Ganglion Cell- Inner Plexiform Layer (GCIPL) and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) thickness, as measured by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Guided Progression Analysis (GPA) program in control group, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma (PXG) eyes.

Methods: 60 POAG and 60 PXG patients and 30 control group patients were included in the study. Patients diagnosed with glaucoma were divided into two groups as mild (Mean deviation (MD) > -6.

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