Laws, codes, and rules are essential for any community, public or private, to operate in an orderly and productive fashion. Without laws and codes, anarchy and chaos abound and the purpose and role of the organization is lost. However, danger is significant, and damage serious and far-reaching when individuals or organizations become so focused on rules, laws, and specifications that basic principles are ignored. This paper discusses the purpose of laws, rules, and codes, to help understand basic principles. With such an understanding an increase in the level of ethical and moral behavior can be obtained without imposing detailed rules.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-004-0021-9DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

laws codes
8
basic principles
8
establishing ethics
4
ethics organization
4
organization principles
4
laws
4
principles laws
4
rules
4
codes rules
4
rules essential
4

Similar Publications

Evaluating the Implementation of Home-Based Sexual Health Care Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: Limburg4zero.

AIDS Behav

January 2025

Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Living Lab Public Health Mosa, Public Health Service South Limburg, Heerlen, The Netherlands.

Home-based sexual health care (including self-sampling testing) could reduce barriers to clinic-based testing. This study systematically evaluated the implementation of home-based sexual health care ('Limburg4Zero') among men who have sex with men (MSM) in a mixed urban-rural region of the Netherlands. We systematically assessed implementation outcomes (contextual domains, population reached, effectiveness, adoption by health care providers (HCP), implementation fidelity, and maintenance) using the practical, robust implementation and sustainability model.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Importance: Pregnant people with opioid use disorder (OUD) are at high risk for potentially avoidable maternal morbidity. The majority of pregnant people with OUD receive health insurance through state Medicaid programs, but there is little comprehensive data on the burden of severe maternal morbidity (SMM)-a composite measure of adverse maternal health outcomes-among this high-risk group.

Objective: To estimate rates of SMM among Medicaid-enrolled pregnant people with OUD from 2016 to 2018.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Under the current Medicare Advantage (MA) risk-adjustment system, plans are incentivized to report diagnosis codes on enrollees' medical claims reflecting additional and more severe health conditions to increase enrollees' risk scores and corresponding plan payments. To improve the integrity of risk adjustment, researchers have proposed four alternative methods to construct risk scores: calculate Hierarchical Condition Categories (HCC) scores excluding diagnosis codes from health risk assessments and chart reviews, calculate HCC scores excluding diagnosis codes most subject to score inflation, use pharmaceutical claims alone, and use self-reported survey responses alone or in combination with diagnosis codes. Using 2016-19 medical and pharmaceutical claims linked to Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey responses from 151,432 MA enrollees, we compared the predictive accuracy of each alternative strategy with the standard HCC approach.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Medicare Advantage (MA) plans report diagnoses more completely than they are reported in traditional Medicare. As a result, payment to MA plans is greater than it would be if coding patterns were identical in the two sectors. The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission estimates that the overpayment to MA attributable to differential coding was $50 billion in 2024.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

A core problem with the current risk-adjustment system in Medicare Advantage and accountable care organization (ACO) programs-the Hierarchical Condition Categories (HCC) model-is that the inputs (coded diagnoses) can be influenced for gain by risk-bearing plans or providers. Using existing survey data on health status (which provide less manipulable inputs), we found that the use of a hybrid risk score drawing from survey data and a scaled-back set of HCCs would, in addition to mitigating coding incentives, modestly lessen risk-selection incentives, strengthen payment incentives to deliver efficient care, allocate payment across ACOs more efficiently according to markers of population health that are not as affected by practice patterns or coding efforts, and redistribute payment in a manner that supports equity goals. Although sampling error and survey nonresponse present challenges, analyses suggest that these should not be prohibitive.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!