World Health Organization (WHO) established ATC system of drug classification. All drugs are grouped in five levels (anatomical main group, therapeutic subgroup, pharmacological subgroup, chemical subgroup and chemical substance). Alterations in ATC classification are made only by experts in WHO centre in Oslo, Norway. Changes are made in assigned new international generic names (INN), in ATC levels likes in changes of Defined Daily Doses (DDD) once a year. Changes are made following current scientific articles and international pharmacopeas, as well as the guideline.
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Eur J Pharm Sci
January 2025
Zhong Yuan Academy of Biological Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, PR China. Electronic address:
In the endocrine system, anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is extremely aggressive since it inhibits the majority of medications and treatments. Therefore, there is an immediate demand to identify new treatment approaches or drugs to deal with ATC. Recently, amino acid Schiff base copper complexes have received great attention due to their excellent anti-tumor activity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNucleic Acids Res
January 2025
Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, NO.1800, Lihu avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
Inducible systems are crucial to metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, enabling organisms that function as biosensors and produce valuable compounds. However, almost all inducible systems are strain-specific, limiting comparative analyses and applications across strains rapidly. This study designed and presented a robust workflow for developing the cross-species inducible system.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPolymers (Basel)
December 2024
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
A novel monomer, 9-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]fluorene di(mercaptopropionate), with a highly refractive index, purity, and excellent UV-curable properties, is synthesized through an optimized Fischer esterification process, reacting 9,9-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]fluorene with 3-mercaptopropionic acid. The structural characterization of this monomer is performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The synthesis conditions are optimized using a design-of-experiments approach.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMol Psychiatry
January 2025
Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
This study investigated the relationship between gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs), specifically anxiety disorder (ANXD) and/or major depressive disorder (MDD), as defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV or V criteria. The study also examined the influence of medication use, particularly antidepressants and/or anxiolytics, classified through the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System, on the gut microbiota. Both 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (16S) and shallow shotgun sequencing (WGS) were performed on DNA extracted from 666 fecal samples from the Tulsa-1000 and Neurocomputational Mechanisms of Affiliation and Personality Study Center for Biomedical Research Excellence (NeuroMAP CoBRE) cohorts.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf
January 2025
School of Population Health, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Background: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs), highly prevalent amongst the elderly, can lead to avoidable medication-related harm. Cardiovascular and central nervous system (CNS) drugs are commonly implicated. To date, there is no consensus on how to measure DDIs, making comparisons across countries challenging.
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