The release of a drug from a transdermal delivery system with a rate controlling chitosan membrane was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Lidocaine hydrochloride, a local anesthetic, was used as the model drug. The in vitro permeability of various chitosan membranes for the drug was investigated using a Franz diffusion cell. Drug release was slower through chitosan membranes with a higher degree of deacetylation (% DD) and with a larger thickness. A transdermal chitosan patch was developed using a chitosan membrane for rate control and a chitosan hydrogel as a drug reservoir. The most prolonged release in vitro was obtained with a 95% DD chitosan rate controlling membrane. The transport mechanism was found to be non-Fickian. The functionality of this transdermal patch was studied on the forearm of human volunteers by assessing the anesthetic effect. Patches with 70% and 95% DD membranes delayed the anesthetic effect, increasing the delay with increasing % DD. It was concluded that a combination of chitosan membrane and chitosan hydrogel is a good transparent system for controlled drug delivery and that the release kinetics in vitro at least for lidocaine have a predictive value for its anesthetic effect in vivo. The demonstration of a direct relationship between in vitro drug membrane permeability and its physiological effect might be considered as quite unique.
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