Objective: To investigate gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) and its two upstream signalling factors (smad2 and smad3) in fetal skin at different gestational ages and postnatal skin and its potential biological significance.
Methods: Fetal skin samples of human embryo were obtained from spontaneous abortions at different gestational ages ranging from 13 to 32 weeks, and also skin collected from patients undergoing plastic surgery. After morphological characteristics of skin at different developmental stages were examined histologically, gene expressions of TGF-beta(1), smad2 and smad3 in skin specimens at different developmental stages were examined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT-PCR).
Results: Gene expression of TGF-beta(1), smad2 and smad3 could all be detected in fetal skin and skin after birth. In skin from early gestational fetus, gene expressions of TGF-beta(1) and smad2 were weak. Along with advance in gestational age, gene expression of these two genes in skin became progressively stronger. In skin from late gestational fetus and skin after birth, the transcription contents of these two genes were significantly increased compared with early gestation fetus (P<0.05). On the contrary, gene expression of smad3 was apparently higher in younger fetal skin versus elder compared with that of late fetal skin (P<0.05). In skins after birth, the levels of smad3 gene expression were elevated to the level similar to that in early gestational fetal skin.
Conclusion: The signal pathway mediated by TGF-beta(1) might be involved in regulating development of the skin at embryonic stage and in designating cetaceous structure and function, and also in wound healing after birth. The relative lack in expression of TGF-beta(1) and smad2 genes in skins from younger fetuses might contribute to fetal scar-less healing, in which the role of smad3 needs to be further investigated.
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